Getting Started With Student Portfolios

Beginning With Student Portfolios There are numerous great advantages to having understudies make portfoliosone is the upgrade of basic reasoning aptitudes which results from the requirement for understudies to create assessment rules. You can likewise utilize this rules to assess their work and take part in self-reflection about their advancement. Moreover, understudies are satisfied to watch their self-awareness, they tend toâ have better perspectives toward their work, and they are bound to consider themselves journalists. The result for utilizing portfolios becomes solid when understudies find they can acquire school credit and, now and again, skirt a rookie composing class by making a first rate composing portfolio while they are still in secondary school. Â Prior to continuing with allotting a portfolio, acquaint yourself with the standards and credit necessities for such an undertaking. Theres little point to requiring this work from understudies if theyre not appropriately credited or dont comprehend the assignment.â Working Student Portfolio A working portfolio, frequently a basic document envelope containing all the understudies work, is useful when utilized related to the assessment portfolio; you can begin it before choosing what youll require in the assessment portfolio and accordingly shield work from being lost. Plans must be made, in any case, to store organizers in the study hall. Understudies at all levels commonly become pleased as they watch their work accumulateeven understudies who once in a while work will be astonished to see at least five assignments that they really wrapped up. Beginning With Student Portfolios There are three principle factors that go into the advancement of an understudy portfolio appraisal. To begin with, you should choose the motivation behind your studentsâ portfolios. For instance, the portfolios may be utilized to show understudy development, to recognize shaky areas in understudy work, or potentially to assess your own educating techniques. In the wake of choosing the motivation behind the portfolio, you should decide how you are going to review it. As it were, what might an understudy need in their portfolio for it to be viewed as a triumph and for them to win a passing evaluation? The response to the past two inquiries causes structure the response to the third: What ought to be remembered for the portfolio? Is it true that you will have understudies placed in allâ ofâ their work or just certain assignments? Who gets the chance to pick? By responding to the above inquiries, you can begin understudy portfolios off on the correct foot. A serious mix-up certain instructors make is to simply bounce into understudy portfolios without thoroughly considering precisely how they will oversee them. To assist you with responding to these inquiries, you may think that its accommodating to audit the Portfolio Planning Checklist and Suggested Portfolio Items for every sort of portfolio understudies will keep. Whenever done in a concentrated manner, making understudy portfolios will be a remunerating experience for both understudy and educator.

migration Essay -- essays research papers

The need to move from lower created nations to created nations is commonly due to a great extent partially to money related reasons. As a rule, the engaging quality of higher wages in urban situations as a rule exceeds the burden of being ceaselessly from relatives and turning out to be accustomed in another condition. In lower created nations, under-work is high and the interest for work is low. As such the issues emerges with provincial to urban movement. This relocation into urban communities is normally an appealing option for people with low instruction levels, for the most part with restricted involvement with the agrarian area. At first from the outset, an individual may feel uncomfortable since the hazard figure associated with relocating an alternate domain is high and the probability of getting a new line of work is unsure. As quite a bit of a worry as this might be, the readiness to face this challenge and move is generally a superior option than remaining in the present condition with inadequate framework with constrained openings for work. The job of government strategies additionally assumes a huge job in influencing the degree of movement into a nation. In the event that the administration can expand the apparent likelihood of getter a vocation sooner, much more individuals would relocate from the rustic segment to the urban part. This being along these lines, the equivalent would likewise be valid for the contrary situation. Should the administration neglect to execute approaches that would build the degree of saw likelihood, the measure of peo...

Stuart, James Ewell Brown

Stuart, James Ewell Brown Stuart, James Ewell Brown (Jeb Stuart), 1833â€"64, Confederate cavalry commander in the American Civil War, b. Patrick co., Va. Most of his U.S. army service was with the 1st Cavalry in Kansas. On Virginia's secession, Stuart resigned (May, 1861) and became a captain of cavalry in the Confederate army. He distinguished himself at the first battle of Bull Run (July, 1861) and in September was made a brigadier general. In June, 1862, he conducted the first of his celebrated cavalry raids, making a complete circuit of General McClellan's army on the Virginia peninsula, noting the Union positions. General Lee used this information to advantage in the Peninsular campaign. Stuart was promoted to major general in July and given command of all the cavalry of the Army of Northern Virginia. After another bold and successful raid (Aug., 1862), this time to John Pope's rear, he covered the last stage of Stonewall Jackson's flanking movement before the second battle of Bull Run (Aug., 1862). He was actively engaged in that battle and in the subsequent Antietam campaign. Again in Oct., 1862, Stuart rode around the Union Army ranging as far as S Pennsylvania and capturing 1,200 horses. He made effective use of his famous horse artillery in the battle of Fredericksburg (Dec., 1862). In the battle of Chancellorsville , he moved with Stonewall Jackson in the brilliant flank attack. When both Jackson and A. P. Hill were wounded, Stuart took command. In June, 1863, he fought his greatest cavalry battle at Brandy Station . For knowledge of the enemy Lee depended on Stuart, who, he said, never brought him a piece of false information. But in the Gettysburg campaign , Stuart was absent from the army on a raid, and Lee was not apprised soon enough of the Union concentration N of the Potomac. On May 11, 1864, his corps, now decreased in size and deficient in equipment, met a force of Union cavalry at Yellow Tavern, and Jeb Stuart was mortally wounded. Not since the death of Stonewa ll Jackson had the South sustained so great a personal loss. His rollicking, infectious gaiety and hard fighting were sorely missed in the gloomy last days of Lee's army. See biographies by J. W. Thomason, Jr. (1934, repr. 1971) and E. M. Thomas (1986); W. W. Blackford, War Years with Jeb Stuart (1945); D. F. Riggs, East of Gettysburg: Custer vs. Stuart (1985). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Share Jesus Without Fear - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1549 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Jesus Christ Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The author of this document will offer an analysis of this book that consist of; an abstract, a concrete response, or an interpretation of a significant event in her life, a reflection on the book, and finally actions that the writer will make in her life and ministry as a result of studying this book. Abstract The authors of this book, William Fay and Linda Evans Shepherd, offer a simple and short and sweet way to Share Jesus Without Fear. This book gives the reader a precise way that they may share Jesus with others without fear. They give easy to follow step by step instructions or guidelines one can use to share Jesus with someone. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Share Jesus Without Fear" essay for you Create order In chapter one is the key chapter of the book. William Fay discusses his encounters with Christians who attempted to share Jesus with him in the past. Fay explained that even though, the speech did not cause his conversion, the presenter did not fail the reason he did not fail was because the responsibility for the conversion is the responsibility of the Holy Ghost.[1] When a person feels they have failed in converting a person, and then discovers that it is the responsibility of the Holy Ghost causes the Christian to exhale in relief. The authors[2] discuss that if we do not share Jesus with others is the sin of silence; silence is an act of disobedience to a direct command from the Lord. When a person chooses obedience of telling someone about Jesus, they will feel an irreplaceable kind of joy in an ever-expanding bond with Jesus.[3] The authors convey to the reader five Share Jesus questions.[4] The Christian/believer should never ever argue with the responses the non-believer. They should only say hmm, because it is hard to argue with someone if all they do is hmm.[5] In addition, when one answers with a hum, it will lead the non-believer in reading the scripture to discover the truth for themselves. The scripted speech of revealing the scripture is easy and clear-cut. Readers are urged to create a list of non-believers who they have a relationship with.[6] This list gives them a jumping off point to share Jesus to others. Concrete Response As I read this book, I remembered one time back in high school when I had a discussion with two of friends in the morning before classes begun that day. Ruth was a Mormon, Rick was Jehovah Witness, and I was a Baptist. We got into a major argument. All of us had different views of Jesus and the scriptures. We all agreed that the Bible was the Holy words of God. However, we each interrupted them differently. If I had read this book and learned the Share Jesus questions[7] and the seven scriptures[8] that the authors suggest using to share Jesus with someone, I do not think there would have been any arguments because I would have just said hmm, and read it again out loud, if there was a wrong answer. I am feeling a little more confident about sharing Jesus since I cannot fail because it is the responsibility of the Holy Ghost to convert someone. Reflection Even though Share Jesus Without Fear is an evangelistic book that contributes to the spreading of the gospel, it comes across aggressive to some degree. For example, the statement on page six it states, The wound that killed him was silence.[9] God sent his son to die on the cross for our sins. Jesus is Gods only Son, he had to power die whenever he felt it necessary. Like it says in the Bible, When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost (John 19:30, KJV). He could have stretched out his death forever, He could have died the moment he was put on the cross, but He died when it was time to die. He did not need anyone to speak up for Him. Yes, if we had followed his commandments at the very beginning or at any time before God sent His Son to die, there would have been no need for Him to send His Son. Action Action Step One: By the end of this class, EVAN 525, I will meet at least two unbelievers who live in my community utilizing Share Jesus Without Fear process. I will also invite them to my church that I currently attend. I will allow God to work through me to direct me to these individuals. One of the main areas of this step that will require some work on my part, is going out of my home to meet these individuals. I am a stay at home wife and know very few people in this town that I have lived in for the past eleven years. I will start attending our churchs nursing home visitation that we do every fourth Saturday of the month. I am in hopes of meeting an unbeliever, whether it be a resident of the nursing home or one of the workers and share Jesus with them using this process. I will also start volunteering at our local hospital two days a week. I am also in hopes of meeting a fellow volunteer or an employee at the hospital and becoming friends with them to the place that I can share Jesus with them during one of our breaks. It is my hopes that if I utilize this process that the authors lay out in their book, that I will be able to share Jesus with someone and not be worried whether I succeed or not. Action step two: I will give away two New Testament Bibles to two unbelievers. This one may cost me financially, but I know that God will bless me. The reason I want to give away these bibles is that I know personally that there are still several people in the United States of America. Our daughter that we adopted a few years ago, never owned a Bible of any type. If these unbelievers do not have Gods word in their hands, how do expect them to be a true follower of Jesus. Even though I accepted Christ at a young age, it was not until I cracked open my Bible and started reading it, that I finally started truly learning about God. Someone cannot learn about Him, if they do not pray, worship, and read His word. People learn three different ways. They learn by hearing, doing and reading His word. The more a person does this the more they will learn and the more they will want to know about Jesus. At least that is how it is for me. Action step three: I will find three people online to share Jesus with using the share Jesus process. I will utilize the social networks that I belong to, Facebook, Twitter, and Google Plus. I will first try to chat with someone I do not know and then having the Lord guide me, share my testimony with them. I know this may be a little bit scary since I have only shared my story at my church and here in class. However, I know that God will let me know when a good time is to share it and He will also give me the strength to overcome any criticisms that I may come across. On Facebook, I plan on using messenger to do this. That way it is more of a one on one sharing time. I have around two hundred and seven friends. All these people I know, maybe not personally, but they are friends of friends, live in the same town I do or use to, or went to the same school I did. On twitter will be a little different. First, even though I am a member of it, I do not know how to communicate with anyone. So, my first goal with Twitter is to learn how to communicate and how to respond. The people I follow on twitter are either stars of my favorite show or someone who has similar interests as mine. Once I learn how to communicate, I plan on sharing a small version of my testimony and through God, I have faith that someone will reply wanting to know more. Then I will share more with them. I am still not sure how to do this on a one to one basis, but I will learn. Finally, on Google plus, I again am not sure how to communicate within this network. However, with some time and guidance from God, I plan on sharing my testimony and again if anyone responds and would like to know more about Jesus, then I will go into more detail about who Jesus is and how they can be saved through the love of Jesus. Bibliography Fay, William, and Linda Evans Shepherd.Sharing Jesus Without Fear.Nashville: B H Publishing, 1999. William Fay and Linda Evans Shepherd, Sharing Jesus Without Fear, Nashville: B H Publishing, 1999, 3. Note: Unless stated otherwise William Fay and Linda Evans Shepherd will be referred to as the authors. Ibid, 30. William Fay and Linda Evans Shepherd, Sharing Jesus, 30. Ibid, 33. Ibid, 138. Ibid, 33. Ibid, 44. William Fay and Linda Evans Shepherd, Sharing Jesus, 6.

Stem Cell Therapy Project Essay examples - 678 Words

INVESTIGATING BIOTECHNOLOGY Stem Cell Therapy Project Stem Cell Therapy Definition Stem cell therapy is the use of a person’s own stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. A form of stem cell therapy that has been used for many years is bone marrow transplants. Application 1. Medical Uses Bone-marrow has been used to treat patients with cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma. This is the most common form of stem cell therapy and has been used for over 30 years. Chemotherapy makes use of cytotoxic agents to kill the growing cells. The cells that were transplanted begin building up an immune response to help fight and kill the cancerous cells. 2. Neurodegenerative Diseases Research has been conducted to learn†¦show more content†¦Section 56 states , however, that it can be done with the written consent of the donor, and if it is done in the prescribed manner and conditions. STEM CELL THERAPY Stem cells are collected from a donor The patient undergoes chemotherapy. The chemotherapy destroys both healthy and cancerous cells. The stem cells settle in the bone marrow. The stem cells are used to replace the cells that were lost due to the chemotherapy. The stem cells in the bone marrow begin There are 3 types of transplants based on producing healthy cells. from where the cells came. Autologous Allogeneic Syngeneic The stem cells are taken The stem cells are taken from The cells come from a from the patient a matching donor twin or triplet The stem cells of the Stem cells come from someoneShow MoreRelatedThe Human Genome Project : Hiv Cocktails, Stem Cell Research, Cancer Therapies And The List Goes On Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagescentury is said to be the best time to be human and to be alive compared to our history as people. We have seen the remarkable happen in the past 10 years within medical advances such as the discoveries of the Human Genome Project, HIV Cocktails, Stem Cell Research, Cancer Therapies and the list goes on. These medical advances have changed the face of humanity in all the right ways and our future generations have a fighting chance to proceed and enjoy the lives that we have provided for them. One ofRead MoreThe First Case Of Hiv ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus )1508 Words   |  7 Pagesthe last 20 years. Antiretroviral drugs are medication that attack and destroy the retrovirus. In 1995, the FDA approved antiretroviral therapy (ART). This is where the patient takes two to three types of medication, as single therapy is not advised, this improves treatment as the different drugs work together to combat the virus. Haart is an antitrtrovirus therapy, which was introduced in 1996. It has shown to reduce death rate and hospital admission; it has also shown to decrease transmission ofRead MoreStem Cells Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagescontroversial research in stem cells. This technology offers hope to millions who are victims of a multitude of diseases and disorders. It can be used to regrow limbs, create organs, attack genetic diseases, treat malfunctioning bladders, etc. However, this same technology is also one of the most controversial debates in science today. If you type â€Å"stem cells research† into your Google search bar, you will most likely find not only advances in this field or a basic overview of stem cells, but articles onRead MoreStudent Application Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesteaching, research, and mentoring are all highly valued. Throughou t my careers, I have initiated and led teams of as many as three interns in research projects. I am primary or co-author of five peer-reviewed research papers and have presented at more than ten major conferences in the field of biomedical sciences, including International Society of Stem Cell Research conference. As a biomedical scientist with nine years of research and two years of teaching experiences, and passion for serving academicRead MoreThe Human Genome Project763 Words   |  3 Pages The author, Francis S. Collins, is the man responsible for the successful completion of Human Genome Project (HGP). HGP is an international multidisciplinary scientific research project which was involved in mapping and sequencing human DNA and determining the various aspects of its function. With this incredible expertise to his credit, Dr. Collins in the book ‘The Language of Life’ talks about personalizing medicine by understanding the DNA of each individual. The author starts by narrating someRead MoreEssay On 20 Years Of Advancement In Healthcare Science1109 Words   |  5 Pagestreatments lowering the prevalence of diseases. The first significant advancement discussed in this essay is The Human Genome Project (HGP), an international collaborative research program whose goal was to sequence and map all of the genes (known as the genome) contained within humans. This project has revolutionised the biomedical field and has already inspired further projects. Several techniques were used to achieve this including: †¢ DNA sequencing, used to determine the order of the nucleotideRead More Stem Cells Should Not Be Used Therapeutically Essays826 Words   |  4 PagesStem Cells Should Not Be Used Therapeutically A stem cell is a cell in the body that can differentiate into almost any other type of cell in the body. Stem cells come from sites in the bone marrow, as well as the tissues of developing fetuses. The most controversial issue in stem cell therapy is the use of fetuses for their stem cells. Scientists want to clone human embryos, and use the stem cells long before the embryo matures (when it is only about 36 cells). This causes a large amountRead More Gene Therapy Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesGene Therapy The Human Genome Project began around 1986. The main goal of the project is to locate and sequence all genes found in human DNA. The objectives for this ambitious effort are to learn more about heredity of disease and to discover the genes that would aid in gene therapy. Advances in gene therapy strive to treat hereditary diseases and possibly eliminate disease from the genome. The definition of gene therapy is the introduction of genes into existing cells to prevent or cureRead MoreFederal Funding With Stem Cell Research706 Words   |  3 PagesStem cell research is extremely prevalent in today’s society, and on the other hand controversial. When thinking of stem cell research many questions, and challenges arise from it. Some problems that arise from the topic of stem cell research involves, religious beliefs, personal, and ethical beliefs. In the next few paragraphs the facts of stem cell research will be mentioned, and questions will be answered with factual evidence. When the topic of stem cell research, and/ or treatment, peopleRead MoreThe Berlin Patient : Timothy Ray Brown1431 Words   |  6 Pagesvirus usually enters a cell through the cell’s CCR5 receptor and fuse into the cell that will eventually divide itself and spread throughout the patient’s body, infecting the patient with cells that is infected with HIV viruses. With the delta 32 mutation, the entry of HIV is blocked due to their misshapen CCR5 protein. Immunity to HIV is only present to homozygous carriers for the delta 32 mutation on both genes. [11] [12] The above diagram shows the comparison of how a cell without delta 32 mutation

Foxconn Suicides Free Essays

Apple Inc. the designer and maker of electronic products found itself in the middle of a scandal that was formed within its organizational ecosystem (Daft, 2012, p. 71). We will write a custom essay sample on Foxconn Suicides or any similar topic only for you Order Now Starting in January 2010 employees at Foxconn an electronics manufacturer in China began to take their own lives in an attempt to bring attention to the poor working conditions, overcrowding, and long work hours (Daft, 2012, p. 108). These events are an example of actions or events that can originate within the international dimension of the external environment (Daft, 2012, p. 7). This event not only challenges the global mindset of the management within Apple, it forced the management to decide how the company wanted the public to continue to view it (Daft, 2012, p. 106). How will Apple’s management deal with the unethical practices at Foxconn? Apple’s management will benefit by applying the normative strategy in solving this ethical dilemma. By applying, the normative strategy Apple’s management can begin the process of solving this ethical dilemma by asking themselves the following questions. What’s in it for me? What decision would lead to the greatest good for the greatest number? What rules, policies, or social norms apply? What are my obligations to others? What will be the long-term impact for myself and important stakeholders (Daft, 2012, p. 147)? In addition to the normative strategy, Apple’s managers can use a technique called stakeholder mapping, which would consider everyone’s needs, expectations, and importance (Daft, 2012, p. 151). Next, add in the model for evaluating Foxconn’s social performance by use of the following criteria’s: economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary, and finally the use of Apple’s written code of ethics will give Apple’s managers a starting point in which to evaluate and determine which course of action they will take to solve this ethical decision caused at Foxconn (Daft, 2012). Apple’s ethics problem with their contract manufacturer Foxconn forced the management into a non-programmed decision (Daft, 2012, p. 71). There are three types of decision models that Apple had at their disposal, the three models are classical, administrative, and political. The political model is used to make non-programmed decisions (Daft, 2012, p. 279). This decision model still required the Apple’s management team to use the six steps in managerial decision making which are: recognition decision requirement, diagnosis and analysis of the causes, development of alternatives, selection of desired alternatives, and mplementation of chosen the alternative (Daft, 2012, p. 282). The outcomes from these decision models and tools resulted in a supplier code of conduct. This document details the expectations that Apple expects from their suppliers. Within this document list: working conditions, safety concerns, and labor issues (Duhigg ; Barboza 2012). Foxconn improved working conditions, installed suicide nets, placed latches on the windows, and added jump prevention wire (Fallows, 2012). In addition to these life-saving steps, Foxconn agreed to hire thousands of additional workers in an effort to reduce overtime work hours, and they also improved housing and safety protocols (Reuters, 2012). Although improvements have been made at Foxconn, Apple must continue to apply pressure on Foxconn to resolve all of their unethical practices. Apple will have to pay close attention to who they use as contractors so that their public image do not suffer. Events in China during the year 2010 embarrassed the electronics maker Apple, Inc. These events forced Apple’s managers to make managerial decisions about ethical practices employed by an outside vendor. The managers at Apple Inc used a number of decision-making models and tools to resolve the ethical issues at Foxconn. In result of these decisions, working conditions, safety protocols, living conditions, and working hours improved. How to cite Foxconn Suicides, Papers

Liability Company Constitution

Questions: 1. Register a proprietary limited co.you should refer to section 117 of the corp. act, complete an application form and and prepare all relevant consents nb section 117(2).you must also create a share register nb sections 167, 168 and 169. 2. Research then explain the reason and justification for the following sections of the corp act :- section 124; section 129(1) and section 588m(3). Answers: Part 1: Liability Company Constitution Statute ,Title Name, Duration and Purpose of Article One Name. The legal person is called FINLEY LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY this is also called the name of the company . The objective of the company is to engage in the wider and general import, distribution, marketing, design, manufacturing and export of all goods relating to construction. It deals directly through representation in the country and several international brands in the industry, nationally and internationally Constitution and by-laws of the company. Consent of the company Holder assumes the quality of the establishment of the company and the factors affecting the right decisions must be recorded in the book of legalized acts in accordance to Article 40 of Decree Law number 21621.The consent form is signed by both the directors and shareholders consent form. The companys final step is to take the incorporation process when submitting the directors and the shareholders forms of consent. Additionally, the directors consent form can be signed by one of the directors or all of the directors depending on the number. The company can also engage in providing advisory services for the implementation of hospital and medical-education related services, seeking to initiate, grow, implement, solidity and permanence to their own doctors and customers. Correspondent may be asked to approve or disapprove the accounts and balance sheet of each fiscal year to coincides with the calendar year; The shareholders consent form may be signed by one of the shareholders to represent the general class of the shareholders which is not possible to be signed by all share holders. Items to be considered in consent letter and information to be provided are to help to Provide for the application of benefits by observing the provisions of decree ,decide on the formation of reserves faculty. Other information is how to appoint and replace managers and liquidators, Provide investigations, audits and balance, Amendment of the Statute, Increase or decrease the capital. Also, Change in the name, subject and address of the company transform, merge, spin off, dissolve and liquidate the company. Decide on all other matters requiring the interest of the company are also contained in this letter. Internal management: The first General Manager by operation of the law is stated in the primary transitional provision of these minutes. The term of office of management is in determinate. The Contractor shall determine the remuneration amount of use. The appointment of Managers and Deputy Manager can be revoked at any time by the Management. The head charges also they end up civil incapacity or death. In case of resignation, removal or temporary impairment charge of General Manager, the head should decide who should replace him in his functions. Management is the organ responsible for the administration of the company. internal Management is formed by the following: - The General Manager, Owner or Manager, if the General Manager is occupied by the Holder; - The Sub Manager; - The Regional Managers; - Managers are individuals with the capacity to contract design and hire the Contractor (Dine and Koutsias, 2007). B.1) The General Manager is responsible for the administration and representation of the company and management of all business and must give the holder this regularly all acts and contracts in compliance to the duty and exercise the other powers provided by law or conferred on head. B: the company is guided by a combination of replaceable guidelines and a constitution. The General Manager has the legal, civil, commercial, legal, tax fiscal and administrative representation of the society. he also has the following functions: a) to organize the internal rules of the company; b) Ensure that accounts are up to date and prepare accounts and balances; c) Represent judicially and extra judicially items, company can replace its powers of representation in all judicial or administrative proceedings, including those conducted before the labor authorities, acts, hearings, proceedings, extrajudicial and judicial reconciliations with the general powers and special mandate as necessary to third parties, revoking such powers and resuming his powers as often as it deems appropriate Additionally, he can hire and fire employees, excluding managers, and fix their remuneration. Hire professional services of any specialty in the form of civil service lease agreements. do all acts and execute all kinds of contracts and agreements on behalf of the company that are necessary to fulfill the object of it, without specific authority granted by the Contractor. Share register including a class of redeemable preference shares A share register contains the following items, the specific allotment date or share issue date, the number of given class of shares, each share numbers allotted, share certificate and whether or not they are fully paid up, unpaid and the amount of money paid. In this case, the shares allotted are 750,000 shares. The class is fully paid ordinary shares with redeemable preferential snares making 10% of the total number of shares. The date of allotment is the establishment day of the company which is 25/05/2016. Acts involving disposal of assets constituting the fixed assets of the company require specific power granted by the Contractor, commercial operations, acts and contracts; inform the holder at each session of affairs, running and business of the company (Hannigan, 2009).Keep a minute book in which it shall identify the decisions of the Contractor and the General Manager. Part 2: Sec 124 of Corp Act This section gives the right to accompany the legal capacity as an ordinary individual of the country of Australia and includes the right to make any agreement. It is reinforced by article 125 which states that performance of an agreement shall not be deemed invalid only because it supersedes the constitutional power of the company. Sec 129 It states that assumptions which can be made in presiding sec 128 is that replaceable rules and guidelines together with the constitution have complied with any person holding office of the director, chairman or company secretary, any other officer or agent in conducting performance duties which are proper. Guide on documents duly executed with or without a company seal. Sec 588M It gives guidelines on insolvent trading relating to recovery of compensation from the loss. The directors of the company can incur a debt acquired by the company and can be sued by the creditors for the same. The company can finally be wound up due to insolvency. It futher continues to say that whether the director has been charged or not for the offence, a civil suit can be instituted for recovery from him. Full recovery can be done from the director and can only be done within 6 years after the company is wound up. The capital is represented by shares or shares that have been issued in favor of the shareholders or partners as evidence of its participation in the entity. In consideration of their rights and limitations, shares may be ordinary or preferred. We can consider, for analytical purposes, that the former are "usual" or "normal" company shares, while preferred shares are that its shareholders owners should receive dividends before dividends are paid to owners of shares common. References Dignam, A. and Lowry, J. (2009).Company law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dine, J. and Koutsias, M. (2007).Company law. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Hannigan, B. (2009).Company law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lettau, M., Ludvigson, S. and Ma, S. (n.d.).Capital share risk and shareholder heterogeneity in U.S. stock pricing. Mutuals' Redeemable and Deferred Shares Bill [HL]. (n.d.).

Southern Strategy Essays - Politics Of The Southern United States

Southern Strategy The causes and consequences of the Southern Strategy as it relates to African-Americans and the American political system. Richard Nixon's Southern Strategy (or as the Nixon administration would call it positive polarization) of the 1960s was a political platform that provided the final push in transforming the the party of Lincoln into the political party greatly favored by the great grandsons of the old Confederacy. This strategy was aimed at getting support from the traditionally Democratic South by promising not to promote sweeping social or economic changes in race relations. Nixon argued that he supported equality however, he was against big government. Meaning, he was not in favor of enforcing the civil rights or integration laws. He was against forced busing and affirmative action. Once Nixon was elected he eliminated the timeline requirements for compliance with affirmative action and integration laws using this strategy. Nixon assigned the task of promoting positive polarization to his vice president Spiro Agnew. This promotion caused great tension against blacks amongst whites (Spiro would sen d representatives into white communities disguised as minority advocates to inform them of government programs created to help minorities at the tax payer's expense). Nixon also promoted black capitalism in an effort to separate middle class blacks from poor blacks. Nixon's strategy fueled on racial jealousies was successful. It helped the GOP win five of the past eight presidential elections. It re-established the two-party system, which was once predominantly, the Democratic South. In 1994 it helped the GOP end the 40-year democratic rule in congress. Why the significance of the new Black Conservatism within the context of the Southern Strategy combined with American politics becoming more conservative in the post 1960s era. The growth in ethnic minorities in this country threatens the very existence of the Republican Party, and the presence of Black Conservatism is vital to its survival. The shadow of the Southern Strategy and radical right association of David Duke, and Pat Buchanan has most definitely reprieved the faces of most non-whites to the GOP. The Republican Party got a glimpse of the political future last fall when a larger than expected number of minority voter turnout helped the Democratic Party gain five congressional seats, and unseated two Republican governors in the deep south. Which brings us to why Black Conservatism is becoming more conservative in the post 1960s era. There is not anything new about the political philosophy of Black Conservatives. They merely repeat long-standing white conservative and neoconservative arguments. However, what is new in Black conservatives' analyses is that it is Black people developing an implicitly racist rationale for placing limits on social policies. The rational goes as follows: ? Although lingering racism still exists, thanks to the victories of the civil rights struggles, racial discrimination is no longer a critical obstacle to Black progress. We can speak of a racist American past, but not of a racist contemporary America. ? African American demands for equal opportunity made during the civil rights era now go too far in demanding equal outcomes. A non-discriminatory America does not ensure equal outcomes. Capitalism maximizes skill and talent and any differences among ethnic groups, or between genders, is a function of each group's particular strengths and weaknesses. ? Today's problems of race relations and Black poverty cannot be remedied by government policy alone. The roots of today's problems are located first and foremost within African Americans: in our inability to successfully compete in a free market system, in the poor values and irresponsible and offensive behavior of poor Blacks, in our psychological hang-ups about group identity and past victimization, and/or in our failure to take full advantage of existing opportunities. In this light, not only are government social welfare and legal remedies, such as affirmative action programs, unnecessary, they are detrimental to the development of Black people. Social welfare programs destroy Black families, foster debilitating dependency, and reward irresponsible behavior. ? Affirmative action programs lower Black self-esteem since whites will always diminish Black accomplishment as reflecting only affirmative action imperatives and Black beneficiaries of affirmative action programs can never be fully confident that their success stems from their talent. These programs are also detrimental to Blacks because of the white (male) resentment they engender. Affirmative action has, in Southern Strategy Essays - Politics Of The Southern United States Southern Strategy The causes and consequences of the "Southern Strategy" as it relates to African-Americans and the American political system. Richard Nixon's "Southern Strategy" (or as the Nixon administration would call it "positive polarization") of the 1960s was a political platform that provided the final push in transforming the "the party of Lincoln" into the political party greatly favored by the great grandsons of the old Confederacy. This strategy was aimed at getting support from the traditionally Democratic South by promising not to promote sweeping social or economic changes in race relations. Nixon argued that he supported equality however, he was against "big government". Meaning, he was not in favor of enforcing the civil rights or integration laws. He was against forced busing and affirmative action. Once Nixon was elected he eliminated the timeline requirements for compliance with affirmative action and integration laws using this strategy. Nixon assigned the task of promoting "positive polarization" to his vice president Spiro Agnew. This promotion caused great tension against blacks amongst whites (Spiro would send representatives into white communities disguised as minority advocates to inform them of government programs created to help minorities at the tax payer's expense). Nixon also promoted black capitalism in an effort to separate middle class blacks from poor blacks. Nixon's strategy fueled on racial jealousies was successful. It helped the GOP win five of the past eight presidential elections. It re-established the two-party system, which was once predominantly, the Democratic South. In 1994 it helped the GOP end the 40-year democratic rule in congress. Why the significance of the new Black Conservatism within the context of the "Southern Strategy" combined with American politics becoming more conservative in the post 1960s era. The growth in ethnic minorities in this country threatens the very existence of the Republican Party, and the presence of Black Conservatism is vital to its survival. The shadow of the "Southern Strategy" and radical right association of David Duke, and Pat Buchanan has most definitely reprieved the faces of most non-whites to the GOP. The Republican Party got a glimpse of the political future last fall when a larger than expected number of minority voter turnout helped the Democratic Party gain five congressional seats, and unseated two Republican governors in the deep south. Which brings us to why Black Conservatism is becoming more conservative in the post 1960s era. There is not anything new about the political philosophy of Black Conservatives. They merely repeat long-standing white conservative and neoconservative arguments. However, what is new in Black conservatives' analyses is that it is Black people developing an implicitly racist rationale for placing limits on social policies. The rational goes as follows: ? Although lingering racism still exists, thanks to the victories of the civil rights struggles, racial discrimination is no longer a critical obstacle to Black progress. We can speak of a racist American past, but not of a racist contemporary America. ? African American demands for equal opportunity made during the civil rights era now go too far in demanding equal outcomes. A non-discriminatory America does not ensure equal outcomes. Capitalism maximizes skill and talent and any differences among ethnic groups, or between genders, is a function of each group's particular strengths and weaknesses. ? Today's problems of race relations and Black poverty cannot be remedied by government policy alone. The roots of today's problems are located first and foremost within African Americans: in our inability to successfully compete in a free market system, in the poor values and irresponsible and offensive behavior of poor Blacks, in our psychological hang-ups about group identity and past victimization, and/or in our failure to take full advantage of existing opportunities. In this light, not only are government social welfare and legal remedies, such as affirmative action programs, unnecessary, they are detrimental to the development of Black people. Social welfare programs destroy Black families, foster debilitating dependency, and reward irresponsible behavior. ? Affirmative action programs lower Black self-esteem since whites will always diminish Black accomplishment as reflecting only affirmative action imperatives and Black beneficiaries of affirmative action programs can never be fully confident that their success stems from their talent. These programs are also detrimental to Blacks because of the white (male) resentment they engender. Affirmative action has, in any case, only benefited more advantaged Blacks. ? The appropriate strategy for African Americans is one focusing on self -help. First, we need to de-emphasize racial identity and loyalty in favor of an American identity. Second, African Americans should compete on the basis of merit only. Third, we need to de-emphasize government programs and civil rights legislation in favor

Femenism Essays

Femenism Essays Femenism Essay Femenism Essay Is a very strong component In the three short stories that were studied In class. The stories consisted of The Story of an Hour, The Yellow Wallpaper and The Vanishing Princess. All of the stories possessed a female protagonist who was somewhat dominated by a male figure. Even though the female characters have completely different backgrounds, they all seemed to be in similar situations. To understand the nature of the stories we must look at them under a feminist perspective. This allows us to see the negative affect that that the men had on the omen in the story. In every story there was a man who degraded the female protagonist and even though they were done is different ways, it resulted in the female mentally, or physically disappearing. In The Story of an Hour the female protagonist Mrs.. Louise Mallard was a normally married woman when she was told about her husbands death and started to feel different emotions then she expected. She said It over and over under her breath: free, free, free! She felt little to no sorrow, but rather had an Insurmountable feeling of freedom and prosperity. : She legalized that throughout her marriage she had been Limited and confined, but It was not by her husband directly. She felt that she was confined to the marriage, and that being married to someone limited her soul and her wellbeing. There would be no one to live for during the next coming years, she would live for herself. With the Joy and excitement that came with this realization, she was looking forward to her next chapter in her life when the husband showed up on her front door and everything she wanted out of life vanished into thin air. The moment ended up being too much or her already weakened heart, so she passed away in result of heart failure. In The Vanishing Princess the Protagonist Is a princess who doesnt have any human traits like e. G. Eating, or time keeping. So throughout the story, the male soldiers who pass by end up putting their Ideas of women and how they should be on the princess until she finally doesnt recognize herself and she ends up questioning her identity along with her existence until she ultimately disappears. The main difference between the two characters is that the princess in getting imprisoned by the male ideology in the rising action, while Mrs.. Mallard is getting free. The major similarities in the characters are that they both are being changed by the men or their relationship to them until they can no longer bear it and end up disappearing. In the story The Yellow Wallpaper our female protagonist is being put down and degraded by the two male characters. Both characters are close to her and they both have a higher position in authority. She Is mentally Ill and her husband and brother who happen to be doctors are trying to cure her. And I know John would think It absurd. But I must say what I feel and think In some way. Throughout the story she Is trying to share her Ideas on how to cure herself, but by being a female In a male-immolated world ten men put tenet Ideas AT now a woman snouts Olsten Ana follow a mans lead he (the husband) is very careful and loving, he hardly lets me stir without special directions. She is constantly ignored until she ultimately loses her sanity completely and ends up possibly killing one of her doctors. The main difference in the characters is that they all ended up disappearing in their own way after being confined in the male dominated society. This showed that they were not pappy with the way they were being treated so they escaped in in whichever way they could. The similarities in between the characters is that they were all under the domination of a male figure and they all ended up failing to cope with confinement that came with being degraded as a female. Every woman did what they could to find their way out. In conclusion the three stories that we discussed, all three female protagonists were confined to a male dominated society and they each found their way out of it. Each character had a different setting and back story, but they all went wrought the same degraded and limited lifestyle. Mrs.. Mallard was limited in what she felt she could do in her life because of her marriage.

Ethnicity (Oxford Reader) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethnicity (Oxford Reader) - Research Paper Example To the instrumentalist it is more like a resource, which one can gain by following his or her interest. To others is a social construction used by people to forge their identity. This paper discusses the different points of view on ethnicity and points out to the point of view I find to be most convincing. Though there is a tendency to link ethnicity with conflict, the two entities are completely different. However, ethnic conflict is a common phenomenon that arises due to factors such as political divides that are based on ethnic communities and identities, economic inequalities arising due to scarcity of resource hence as well as cultural differences. Cultural differences could be based on language or religion. Another source of ethnic conflict is unequal distribution of political reward where more political rewards being given to one ethnic group than others in a polyethnic state. Additionally, national identity and ideology are common source of ethnic conflict (Hutchinson and Smith 1-10). From a long time back, people use the term ethnicity to demonstrate some form of commonness in addition to demonstrating solidarity. Among the Greeks, ethnicity is associated with the term ethnie, which means, ethnic category, ethnic network, ethnic association, ethnic network or ethnic community. To the Schermerhorn ethnie is a myth of common ancestry, common culture, or some form of link to homeland (Hutchinson and Smith 10-14). Currently, there are different approaches to ethnie. Primodialism is one such approach, which defines ethnie as naturally given socially creating bonds. However, this definition is problematic since it is static and naturalistic hence lacking exploratory power. Sociobiloogists view ethnie as an explanation for kinship-based grouping with genetic reproductive capacity. This approach is also problematic since it tends to reduce social and cultural behaviors to biological drives. Additionally, it tends to be speculative when dealing with large

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 15

Analysis - Essay Example In the beginning of the song, there is the sound of the piano solo which is heard for approximately three minutes before other instruments are heard, however, other instruments can be heard at the background very faintly, a constant steady tempo is experienced throughout the song. In those three minutes, the piano changes its pitch considerably. It starts at a considerably high note but goes to a low key at 0.47, it goes on a high key at 1.00 and it is highest at 1.34. The background instruments can be heard very loud at 1.50. The introduction of the trumpet can be heard at3.05 with a raise in the sound key and plays at an upbeat tune for about 40seconds. At 4.09, the piano is low while the saxophone and the trumpet play at the background. The highest note of the song comes at 4.49 where many instruments are used at the same time loudly. Variety is achieved here as the piano is now on bass. At 5.42, the saxophone, drums and the piano create a harmonious melody in a low pitch and the song is slow at this point. At approximately, 7.11, the music sounds are lengthened and they play at a slow rate. The unity at the beginning and repetition of the main theme of the song creates a vivid picture which is marked by low notes as in 1.00, 2.44, and 6.02. This type of song is a classic song of the bossa-nova class and shares many features with jazz such as the use of the trumpet the saxophone and the background use of drum which was used to keep the tempo. The song uses dynamics to achieve unity and variety in sound volumes. The song opens softly at the beginning with a piano solo in a rather slow note which creates unity. Alternate low and high keys of the piano are used until the 4.49 when the song is very loud. Many instruments can be heard at that point with an upbeat tune. The song not only achieves unity through the use of repetition and a variety of instruments but also by use of dynamics. The unity and variety in

Importance of Infrastructure Investment in the UK

Importance of Infrastructure Investment in the UK Acknowledgements In 1999, I completed the 1st year of the full-time Quantity Surveying course at Glasgow Caledonian University before moving to America in 2001. After a five-year stay, I returned to Glasgow in September 2006 and re-enrolled in the Part-time Quantity Surveying course. Ten years on from the first experience of the QS course, it gives me great pleasure and pride to be submitting one of the last pieces of work in the honours year. It has been an amazing and unexpected journey. I would not be in this position if it were not for the incredible levels of support and encouragement shown by so many and would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge some of these people. First, I would like to thank Raymond McCafferty Michael Heggarty of Cruden Building Renewals for employing me and giving me this opportunity. Their continued support and encouragement throughout this process has given me the focus and drive to continually improve my work. My colleagues at Cruden also deserve a special mention for their support during the dissertation and without the laughs during the day; this process would have been so much more difficult. Thanks guys!!! I would also like to thank Halbert Mills at Glasgow Caledonian University for accepting me back into the course and believing that I had the potential to get to this stage. During the course of this dissertation, I had some challenging times when I felt like I did not know how to develop my chosen topic. I would like to give my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Dr. John Lowe, for his inspirational input when I had these difficulties. Unfortunately, I cannot name everyone but I want to thank all my friends and family who without their support I would never have completed this piece of work. Mum, Dad, Gran, thank you so much for everything. Finally, the love and support shown by my Wife, Brooke, during this process has been a major source of inspiration. We will both be glad when the late night studying and completing of projects is finally over. Peter McLellan 1. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Rationale for the Study Infrastructure forms the economic backbone of the UK. It is the fabric that defines us as a modern industrialised nation. The standard and resilience of infrastructure in the UK has a direct relationship to the growth and competitiveness of our economy. (Skinner, 2010) For the UK to retain its competitive edge, a longer-term view of investment in infrastructure must lead policy making. (Stewart, 2009) This dissertation offers an opportunity to explore and research a highly topical issue. The United Kingdom finds itself still in the midst of one of the worst economic downturns in recent memory and in a period of fiscal consolidation. As a result of this depressed economic situation, difficult decisions have had to be made by all sectors within the UK to work together to drive the country out of the recession. The recent edition of the Economic and fiscal Strategy Report and Financial Statement and budget by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, highlights the importance of implementing measures that will promote sustainable growth. Despite modest growths to GDP of 0.4 per cent in the final quarter in 2009 (NSO, 2010), the general consensus is that the United Kingdom is in the early stages of recovery. The 2010 budget, called Securing the recovery, outlines ways in which it aims to support this vision. One of these policies, is to invest in infrastructure, including additional funding for transport and local roads and creating a Green Investment bank. (UK Budget, 2010) Also, the Eddington Report, published on 1 Dec 2006, was a study jointly commissioned by the Secretary of State for Transport and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Its role was to analyse the long-term relationships, within the boundaries of the Governments wider commitment to sustainable development, between transport and the UKs growth, stability and economic productivity. The findings of this study will be discussed and compared to the investment required to meet the future demands of the UK. Furthermore, in a recent study carried out by the British Chambers of Commerce (BCC), it revealed that inadequate energy, transport, and communications infrastructure continues to reduce the opportunity for UK businesses to grow. It also outlines that during this period when businesses play a vital role in the recovery of the economy, productivity is being affected as a result of lack of capacity, thus restricting the UKs economic potential. (BCC survey, 2010) In response to the survey carried out in 2010, David Frost, the Director general of the BCC stated the following: A countrys infrastructure is crucial to the success of its businesses. In the current environment of economic uncertainty and public spending constraints, our energy, digital, and transport networks must be up to the job if business is to deliver growth and create employment. The intriguing situation that the UK Government now face is deciding the best way to stimulate economic growth without increasing the deficit. One of the issues with increasing deficits is the Government will have to borrow to service the debt. As a result of the world-banking crisis over the last few years, there is reluctance to increase the UK debt further and therefore this might have an impact on infrastructure investment in this country. This dissertation provides an opportunity to research the level of infrastructure required in the UK and review the part it plays to the long-term sustainable growth of the UK economy. Furthermore, in doing so, the author intends to see if further investment in Infrastructure works is viable in the current economic climate. 1.2 Aim The aim of this dissertation is to assess the importance of infrastructure investment in the United Kingdom and how this impacts on the long-term sustainable growth of the UK Economy given the current economic constraints. 1.3 Objectives To review Fiscal and Monetary policy theories available to the UK Government. To review the current and future demands for infrastructure works in the UK. To understand the level of importance of infrastructure work investment to the UK economy. To understand the roles, responsibilities and options available to public and private bodies in raising capital to invest in infrastructure works in the UK. To highlight the economic and social benefits gained as a result of increased investment in chosen infrastructure sectors by utilising hypothetical cost model projections. 1.4 Outline Methodology of the Research 1.5 Dissertation Contents Chapter 2 Provides an extensive Literature review on the topic area. The author will provide a general overview of economic theory, introduction to infrastructure, and a review of the relevant studies published worldwide that reveal intellectual thoughts on infrastructure investment impact on the economy. This will be carried out in the way of both descriptive and an analytical approach to all the appropriate literature sourced to aid in this dissertation. Naoum (2007) states It is descriptive in that it describes the work of previous writers and it is analytical in that it critically analyses the contribution of others with a view of identifying similarities and contradictions made by previous writers. According to Naoum (2007), the literature review will serve two purposes. First, it allows for gathering of information to allow development of issues and themes within the chosen topic that ultimately shape the research design. Second, the literature review will help form the basis of the research design by analysing previous research designs. Chapter 3 Chapter 3 introduces the reader to the numerous research techniques available to the author and will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each and merits of each approach, before indicating the chosen methods of quantitative analysis technique Chapter 3 examines the various research techniques that were available to the author and describes the strengths and weaknesses of each of the approaches in respect to the available data. In particular this chapter presents the reasoning behind the authors decision to adopt the quantitative analysis technique and explains how this approach was applied. This chapter also describes the source of the data and highlights any potential bias or limitations that the author experienced within the analysis. Furthermore this chapter explicitly explains the process for selecting and categorising the appropriate data prior to analysis in a consistent manner. John Hannah paragraph Chapter 4 Chapter 4 builds upon the process described in the previous chapter and examines the primary source of data to assess what trends are evident with each of the particular categories. This section goes on to expand upon the original quantitative analysis and examine a series of quantitative case studies to assess the extent of early warning events and compensation events that occurred on completed projects. John Hannah paragraph Chapter 5 In conclusion, chapter 5 summarises the findings of this research and consider if the original aim and objectives have been achieved. Finally, this chapter discusses the authors findings and proposes a list of recommendations for future studies. John Hannah paragraph 2. Chapter Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The purpose of research is to make a contribution, however small, towards understanding the phenomenon being studied and ultimately towards the total body of knowledge (Parahoo, 2006) The intended purpose of the following literature review is to provide a general background to the chosen topic that will aid in the understanding of the following areas: How the UK Economy functions and what factors drive it. Description analysis of previous research on the impact of infrastructure investment on the economy. The role the construction industry plays in the UK Economy. The information presented within the literature review will enhance the readers knowledge of the topic with a view of providing clarity and understanding on the findings presented in chapter 4. Economic Theories There are conflicts of opinion on economic theory. For instance, monetarists argue that rises in the money supply cause inflation whereas Keynesians argue that it is changes in inflation which cause changes in the money supply (Stanlake Grant, 1995) Keynesian Economics John Maynard Keynes was a British economist whose ideas have been a central influence on modern macroeconomics, both in theory and practice. He advocated interventionist government policy, by which governments would use fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of business cycles, economic recessions, and depressions. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics. Keynes solution to poor economic state is to introduce impetus spending or as the US President Franklin Roosevelt described, prime the pump. Keynes argues that the government should step in to increase spending, either by increasing the money supply or by actually buying things on the market itself. A supporter of Keynesian economics believes it is the governments job to smooth out the bumps in business cycles. Intervention would come in the form of government spending and tax breaks in order to stimulate the economy, and government spending cuts and tax hikes in good times, in order to curb inflation. Alternative Economic Theories Since Keynesian economics advocates for the public sector to step in to assist the economy generally, it is a significant departure from popular economic thought, which preceded it â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬  laissez-fair capitalism. Laissez-fair capitalism supported the exclusion of the public sector in the market. A number of laissez faire consequences are drawn from Says law. Say also advocated public works to remedy unemployment. Say argued against claims that business was suffering because people did not have enough money and more money should be printed. Say argued that the power to purchase could be increased only by more production and is also best known for coining the phrase supply creates its own demand (Curwen, 1997) James Mill used Says Law against those who sought to give economy a boost via unproductive consumption. Consumption destroys wealth, in contrast to production which is the source of economic growth. The demand for the product determines the price of the product, but not if it will be consumed. Alternatively, Keynes is an advocate of trying to stimulate consumption by government intervention. Views on Economic thoeries Cutting support now, as some are demanding, would run the real risk of choking off the recovery even before it started, and prolonging the global downturn. (Darling, 2009) If consumers, markets and businesses get the message that government wants to carry on spending and isnt serious about dealing with the deficit, they will start to conclude that the UK is no longer a safe place to invest in, spend in or build a business in, (Cameron, 2009) Importance of Construction industry to UK Economy A recent survey commissed by the UK Contractors Group and carried out by LEK Consulting to demonstrate the impacts of the Construction industry on the UK Economy was distributed September 2009. The main aim of this report was to specifically highlight the benefits of investing in construction. The report covered 3 main areas: Contribution of the construction industry at national and regional level. Key contribution that construction makes to national employent levels. The role that the construction industry plays in the broader economic and social objectives. The reports contention is that the construction industry is vital to the overall UK economy while still being in a recession as it provides the following: Construction is a major contributor to the UK DGP. Construction sector employs circa  £3m people throughout 300,000 firms. Construction is also an important driver for other sectors, without which there would be a loss of domestic production capacity and skills. The report, Construction in the UK economy: The Benefits of Investment, shows that construction is the best sector for stimulating employment. It also shows that every  £1 spent on construction leads to an increase in GDP of  £2.84, as the spending not only creates construction output worth  £1, but also stimulates growth elsewhere in the economy worth  £1.84. With the Chancellors Pre-Budget Report looming, the CBI is continuing to press the case for protecting capital spending by government. (John Cridland, CBI Deputy-Director General, 2009) A strong economy needs fit-for-purpose schools and hospitals, and it will be the construction industry that builds the new transport and energy infrastructure needed to shift to a low-carbon economy. (John Cridland, CBI Deputy-Director General, 2009) Introduction to Infrastructure Works Infrastructure investment impact: Previous Research Over the last 30 years there have been various economic models developed to help in the research of the impact of infrastructure investment on the economy. The in-depth empirical studies have mainly utilised macro-economic level data, which includes cross-state and cross-country data. (Straub, 2007) edinburgh paper According to the studies carried out by Aschauer (1989) he states that when analysing the importance of public investment to the productivity improvement and economic growth, added weight must be attributed to the public investment decisions made by the Government. Furthermore, the study indicates increased productivity and growth in the economy by investing in areas such as highways, sewers, streets, and water systems. To ascertain these findings, Aschauer took the average annual growth rates of total factor productivity and the non-military public capital stock in America over the period 1950-1985; Aschauers data indicated a close relationship between level of investment in non-military infrastructure and productivity. Put in Tables from study Further research in the United States carried out by Munnell (1990) analysed the impact of the stock of public capital on economic activity at the regional and state levels. In conclusion, Munnell found that the US states that had invested in infrastructure had greater output, increased levels of private investment, and high levels of employment growth. The study highlighted above, Aschuer (1989) estimated an elasticity of output with respect to public infrastructure capital in the United States during 1950-1985 of between 0.38 and 0.56. These results have been shown to be econometrically suspect and subsequent work suggests the elasticity is much smaller. The average elasticity across OECD countries for the period 1960-2001 has recently been estimated to be 0.2 (Kanps, 2004). Aschauers paper has, however, proved very fruitful in terms of subsequent research, which it stimulated. (Crafts Leunig, 2005) A number of empirical studies have looked at the relationship between all public infrastructure investment and GDP growth. On average these studies seem to indicate a positive elasticity of output to public capital of around 0.20. Put another way, a ten per cent increase in public capital stock increases GDP by around 2 per cent. (Eddington report 2006) The eddington report suggest that there are limitations to these empirical studies and the results should be viewed with caution. OECD (2003) argues that early empirical work on the link between infrastructure investment and economic performance overstated the magnitude of the impact on GDP and productivity growth (The sources of economic growth in OECD countries, OECD, 2003) In particular, studies that focus on public investment in capital and infrastructure in a broad sense, rather than on transport specifically, do not really distinguish between types of investment in terms of new build, upgrade, maintenance etc although some do make specific conclusions about the value of transport infrastructure investment. Later studies using more complex modelling suggest a positive, albeit weaker relationships between infrastructure and GDP. These include: Kocherlakota and Yi (1997), Demetiades and mamuneas (2002), OFallon (2003), and Nijkamp and Poot (2004). (see figure 1.5 eddington report 2006) In 1993, Easterly and Robero carried out further research to expand on the work in this field. Called Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation, it details several conclusions that support the findings expressed by Aschauers research in 1989. It tackled areas such as the rate of growth and the level of development by employing historical data and recent cross-section data. The main findings outlined that there is a strong relationship between a countries fiscal structure and the development level and that investment levels in communication and transport is consistently correlated with growth. This therefore indicates that infrastructures are important in the economic prosperity of a nation (Easterly, Robelo 1993). Put in reference Eisner (1991) highlighted that public infrastructures not only serve as an intermediate good in physical goods production, they can also be final consumption goods. For example, water and sewage systems benefit environment, better transportation saves time spent on travelling, public parks give people pleasure, etc. Canning, Fay, and Perotti (1994) found substantial effects of physical infrastructure on economic growth based on the international data set. The strategy for national infrastructure also states, The majority of empirical research indicates that there is positive relationship between infrastructure and economic growth (strategy for national infrastructure, 2010). Introduction to Infrastructure What is Infrastructure? Set-up in December 2009 to help meet the infrastructure requirements in the UK for the next 10-20 years, Infrastructure UK defines Infrastructure as key economic sectors which include: Water, Waste, Energy, Transport and communications (strategy for national infrastructure, 2010). Infrastructure networks enable people, goods, energy, information, water, and waste to move efficiently around the UK and, in some cases, across its borders. The extent, capacity and quality of these networks has a direct bearing on the economy of the UK, the environment and the quality of life of everyone who lives in or visits the UK. Infrastructure Studies in the United Kingdom Extensive research carried out in the United Kingdom has indicated the level of infrastructure required for each sector and this can be cross-referenced with studies highlighted in the previous section. For example, the findings from the research carried out by Eisner, 1991 and Easterly, Robero 1993 indicated a relationship between transportation and its impact on the growth of the economy. The Eddington report was published on the 1st December 2006 and was carried out by Sir Rod Eddington under the instruction of the UK Government. The report is an examination of the impact transportation decisions will have on the UK environment and economy. The report analyses the current global economic demands and how our current transportation infrastructure must meet the demands of the 21st century. It states that with rising population and resultant greater demands on the country, higher levels of congestion and issue with reliability will have adverse effects on the economy if the correct infrastructure is not in place. It contends that by not having the required infrastructure in place it costs businesses more money while also effecting peoples social environment (Eddington Report, 2006). As well as utilising the Eisner, Easterly and Robero findings, the Eddington Report drew on research carried out in more recent times. The studies used in the development of the Eddington Report comprised: The historical significance of Transport for Economic growth and Productivity (Crafts Leunig, 2005), Step change transport improvements (Mann, 2006), and transport and labour market strategies (Gibbons Machin, 2006) Assessing transports contribution to the economy Transport can impact on the performance of the economy in a number of different ways: Transports impact on GDP Transport can impact on the economy and will ultimately impact on overall output. Gross domestic product (GDP) is currently the best measure of the size of the economy as it measures the total value of goods and services provided. Transport can have an impact on economic output (GDP) thorugh two channels: Firstly, transport can affect GDP though a number of inputs that are used, for example transport may increase employment either by allowing greater access to labour or stimulating the creation of new firms, which can increase the number of goods and services produced and lead to an increase in GDP. Secondly, transport can improve the efficiency with which firms use inputs, in other words transport can have an impact on productivity. For instance, a well functioning transport network can raise productivity by redusing journey times. Transport investment can impact on the drivers of productivity by encouraging prictae investment through raising its profitability; facilitating labour mobility and thereby increasing the returns in investment skills; and enabling effective competition even when economic activity is geographically dispersed. Identifying the impact of transport on productivity is important because improving productivity is a key to determinant of long-term growth and living standards. These effects can either have a one -off effect on the level of productivity or a sustained impact on the growth rate of productivity. Transport can impact on the growth rate of productivity by stimulating innovation through its impact on agglomeration economies, trade and foreign direct investment. In practice these dynamics are very difficult to measure, but are nevertheless extremely valuable, as they determine how quickly the economy grows and therefore the rate of growth in GDP. Transports role in supporting quality of life Critically though, GDP measures alone fail to capture the impacts of transport on the environment or its contribution to the wider well being of society. Transports impact on the environment, for example through carbon and other emissions, can increasingly lead to unsustainable growth, as well as impacting on peoples quality of life. Transport improvements that free up wasted travel time allow people to spend more time with friends and family, and enjoy more leisure activities. An economic welfare measurement would seek to measure such broader impacts of transport on society and the environment rather than just a pure GDP measure. These benefits to general well being are known as economic welfare, or welfare. The use of existing transport networks: What benefits do provide Erenburg (1994) finds that policy measures that make more efficient use of existing transport infrastructure through pricing mechanisms or other traffic management solutions can have a significant impact on growth (linking public capital to economic performance, Erenburg, 1994) Hulten and Schwab (1996) estimate that a 1 per cent increase in infrastructure effectiveness would have an impact on growth seven times larger than a 1 per cent increase in the rate of public infrastructure investment. (the public capital hypothesis: The case of Germany, Hulten and Schwab, 1996) OECD/ECMT (2001) paper on the benefits of transport concludes that wider economic benefits may be achieved more efficiently by introducing prices which correspond more closely to costs, or by reallocating existing infrastructure more efficiently between users, or by adopting other transport policies. (Assessing the benefits of transport, European Conference of Ministers of transport, OECD, 2001) Victoria transport policy institute (2003) argues that investment in alternative modes of transport and in management strategies to encourage more efficient use of existing road capacity tends to provide greater economic benefit than expanding existing highways to reduce congestion. The study also argues that the benefits of transport improvements are heavily dependant on local circumstances, in that they will only increase economic development where inadequate transport is a significant constraint on economic activity. EVIDENCE OF CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR TRANSPORT TO IMPACT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ECONOMY Caning and Fay (1993) assert that infrastructure should not be seen as a factor of production but as a condition for high growth. Kessides (1993) notes that infrastructure does not create economic potential; it only develops such potential where appropriate conditions exist, i.e. other inputs such as labour and capital are available to drive output growth. Indeed, lynde and Richmond (1993), Trinder (2002), and OFallon (2003) assert that public and private capital are complements; that physical infrastructure requires the existence of available productive private capital in order to realise economic growth potential, and that infrastructure investment can boost the productivity of such private capital. Infrastructure investment may also feed through to increased labour productivity. Canning and pedroni (1999), banister and berechman (2000), Trinder (2002) and OFallon (2003) highlight other important underlying conditions that will influence the impact of transport investment on the economy (SEE REFERENCES FIGURE 1.7 EDDINGTON REPORT) In summary, these include: Economic conditions, a stable macroeconomic policy climate, local market circumstances, agglomeration, and labour market conditions Investment conditions; available funds, timing and structure of investment, type of infrastructure investment, location of investment in terms of network structure and political and institutional conditions, decision making, planning, sources, and methods of finance, level of investment, supporting legal and organisational policies and processes, and method and governance of infrastructure delivery and provision. Funding and delivery mechanisms for UK national infrastructure The National Infrastructure is funded and delivered in a number of ways: Commercially driven, user-paid infrastructure e.g. unregulated airport and ports where it is for the developer to decide what and when infrastructure is built. Any developments is then paid for by consumers (but prices are not regulated because competition exists) Commercially driven, user paid but price-regulated infrastructure with a stronger role for Government. Regulated airports are an example. Government supports investment in additional capacity but this is a commercial decision for airport operator (and where prices are regulated to protect from monopoly power). The energy sector also largely follows this model but prices are set by the market or thorough Government intervention. Price regulated businesses where independent regulators play a stronger role in determining the level and nature of investment. For example, water, where the regulator has an input into the nature of the investment programme but infrastructure investment in funded by users. Price regulated business that is funded by the taxpayer and users e.g. Network Rail. This is a model where the business is funded both by users and taxpayers where the DfT have a central role in setting out the outputs it wants from the railways and the level of funding to achieve that. The regulator sets the efficiency targets and prices for the company. Publicly decided and publicly funded infrastructure e.g. roads. Government decides where they should go, when they should be built and pays for them. This may include some provate finance but ultimately government rather than users pay. Clearly Government enjoys much greater control over infrastructure, but only a small part of the overall picture. Infrastructure essential for supporting economic activity and growth Many key investment projects rely on private finance either as direct investment or through mechanisms such as PPPs. In the current economic climate the Uk faces stiff competition in securing investment from private investors and from within Government budgets. In this environment, there needs to be a clear vision from Government about the future and needs for infrastructure. This will be essential to persuade the provate sector to invest in the national infrastructure and, in particular, provaste sector investors need long-term certainty in order to judge whether to commit major funds. Chapter 3 This chapter gives a brief description of the methods used for collecting independent data and why they are relevant to the research objectives. Research Strategy Quantitative Quantitative research is objective in nature. It is defined as an inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing a hypothesis or a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analysed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the hypothesis or the theory hold true (Cresswell, 1994). This statement is expanded on further by Bouma and Atkinson (1995), who state Quantitative data is, therefore, not abstract, they are hard and reliable; they are measurements of tangible, countable,

Branches of Philosophy Essay

In order to narrow the aims of discussion philosophy was broken into branches. Traditionally philosophy has been broken into four main branches; however we would like to add a fifth branch in our text -Epistemology Epistemology, from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos (word/speech) is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge and love. -Metaphysics Metaphysics (derived from the Greek words â€Å"ta meta ta physika biblia†) – meaning ‘the book that follows the physics book’. It was the way students referred to a specific book in the works of Aristotle, and it was a book on First Philosophy. (The assumption that the word means â€Å"beyond physics† is misleading) Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the study of â€Å"first principles† and â€Å"being† (ontology). In other words, Metaphysics is the study of the most general aspects of reality, such as substance, identity, the nature of the mind, and free will. In other way is a study of nature and the nature of the world in which man lives -Logic Logic (from Classical Greek (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy amongst philosophers (see below). However the subject is grounded, the task of the logician is the same: to advance an account of valid and fallacious inference to allow one to distinguish good from bad arguments. -Ethics Ethics is a general term for what is often described as the â€Å"science (study) of morality†. In philosophy, ethical behavior is that which is â€Å"good† or â€Å"right. † The Western tradition of ethics is sometimes called moral philosophy. Other Branches Philosophy of Education: Fairly self-explanatory. A minor branch, mainly concerned with what is the correct way to educate a person. Classic works include Plato’s Republic, Locke’s Thoughts Concerning Education, and Rousseau’s Emile. Philosophy of History: Fairly minor branch (not as minor as education), although highly important to Hegel and those who followed him, most notably Marx. It is the philosophical study of history, particularly concerned with the question whether history (i. e.the universe and/or humankind) is progressing towards a specific end? Hegel argued that it was, as did Marx. Classic works include Vico’s New Science, and Hegel and Marx’s works. Philosophy of Language: Ancient branch of philosophy which gained prominence in the last century under Wittgenstein. Basically concerned with how our languages affect our thought. Wittgenstein famously asserted that the limits of our languages mark the limits of our thought. Classic works include Plato’s Cratylus, Locke’s Essay, and Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Philosophy of Law: Also called Jurisprudence. Study of law attempting to discern what the best laws might be, how laws came into being in the first place, attempting to delimit human laws from natural laws, whether we should always obey the law, and so on. Law isn’t often directly dealt with by philosophers, but much of political philosophy obviously has a bearing on it. Philosophy of Mathematics: Concerned with issues such as, the nature of the axioms and symbols (numbers, triangle, operands) of mathematics that we use to understand the world, do perfect mathematical forms exist in the real world, and so on. Principia Mathematica is almost certainly the most important work in this field. Philosophy of Mind: Study of the mind, attempting to ascertain exactly what the mind is, how it interacts with our body, do other minds exist, how does it work, and so on. Probably the most popular branch of philosophy right now, it has expanded to include issues of AI. Classic works include Plato’s Republic and Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations, although every major philosopher has had some opinion at least on what the mind is and how it works. Philosophy of Politics: Closely related to ethics, this is a study of government and nations, particularly how they came about, what makes good governments, what obligations citizens have towards their government, and so on. Classic works include Plato’s Republic, Hobbes’ Leviathan, Locke’s Two Treatises, and J. S. Mill’s On Liberty. Philosophy of Religion: Theology is concerned with the study of God, recommending the best religious practises, how our religion should shape our life, and so on. Philosophy of religion is concerned with much the same issues, but where Theology uses religious works, like the Bible, as it’s authority, philosophy likes to use reason as the ultimate authority. Philosophy of Science: Study of science concerned with whether scientific knowledge can be said to be certain, how we obtain it, can science really explain everything, does causation really exist, can every event in the universe be described in terms of physics and so on. Also popular in recent times, classic works include Hume’s Treatise on Human Nature, Kripke’s Naming and Necessity, Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Empiricism is a philosophical idea based on the idea that all reliable knowledge about the world is gained in the process of experience. Famous empiricists were Hume, Locke and Berkley, basing themselves on ideas already postulated by Aristotle, that we are born with the Tabula Rasa which receives throughout our lives information on which it can base all thinking and knowing. The movement of empiricism was in part a countermovement to what Descartes and Spinoza had proposed as rationalism. Knowledge derived from experience is called a posteriori. ————————————————- Doing Philosophy Many fields can be studied and learned without ever actually working with the tools in the field. For instance, chemistry can be learned in depth without ever picking up a test tube or mixing ionic compounds. Philosophy, however, is more about the methodology behind deriving answers than it is about the answers themselves. As such, students studying philosophy must use the methodology of philosophy on the philosophy they are learning as they are learning it. Doing philosophy involves asking the right questions, critically examining the work of previous philosophers, truly understanding the works and the reasoning behind the works, and possibly building on the works of previous philosophers by expanding or testing this methodology.

Nintendo Strategy

Simplifying the design and use of the WI system allowed the developers to create the perfect entry strategy for their new target market with great success. In the first half of 2007, the Nintendo WI sold more units in the united States than the Oxbow 360 and Plantation 3 (ASS). In the first quarter of 2008, Nineteen's net sales were up over 20% from the same quarter the previous year and WI was outselling Its seventh generation home system rivals the Sony Plantation 3 and the Oxbow 360.Nineteen's net income in the same quarter was up over 30% from the same quarter the previous year due to the intended strength of WI and Nintendo ADS hardware and software sales. Finally, most believe that both Sony and Microsoft had been traditionally operating at a loss with anticipated gains In software and game sales while Nintendo enjoyed operating profits. Although initially surprised by Wig's resounding broad appeal, Sony and Oxbow were prepared for a series of competitive counter moves designed to attack Wig's popularity going into the 2008 holiday season.Some of your students may have received early versions of game consoles such as Nintendo 64, Saga Genesis, or Plantation or handheld games such as Nintendo Gamey as gifts when they were children. Given he increasing popularity, sophistication and complexity of consoles, it's also likely Tanat a majority AT your students currently own one AT ten inhumane game or consoles mentioned in the case.The case will allow you to illustrate concepts from Chapters 3 – 6 if used as a stand alone case or can be paired with Case 11–Competition in the Video Game Console Industry if you prefer to use the case to focus on the strategy options presented in Chapters 5 and 6. The case provides sufficient information to allow students to prepare a review of the industry dominant economic characteristics, Lully examine the competitive forces at play in the video game industry, consider the industry driving forces and key success f actors, and examine Nineteen's internal situation and recent financial performance.The case also allows students to understand how focused differentiation strategies are capable of yielding above- average profit margins without a reliance on premium pricing. The case also allows students to understand the appeal of Nineteen's Blue Ocean strategy and observe how the company has turned a first mover advantage into what appears to be a sustainable advantage. This teaching note reflects the thinking and analysis of the case authors, Professor Lou Marino and Sally Garrett, both of the University of Alabama.We are most grateful for their insight, analysis and contributions to how the case can be taught successfully. 717 718 Case 12 Nineteen's Strategy for the WI-?Good Enough to Beat Oxbow 360 and Plantation 3? Finally, the case's strong decision focus allows students to consider what Nintendo must do next to ultimately win the battle among next generation video game consoles. To give stud ents guidance in what to do and think about in preparing theNintendo case for class discussion, we strongly recommend providing class members with a set of study questions and insisting that they prepare good notes/answers to these questions in preparing for class discussion of the case. To facilitate your use of study questions and making them available to students, we have posted a file of the Assignment Questions contained in this teaching note for Nintendo on the student section of the publisher's Online Learning Center for the 17th edition (www. Meme. Com/Thompson). You should be aware that there is a set of study questions posted in the student LLC for each of the 26 cases included in the 17th edition. ) In our experience, it is quite difficult to have an insightful and constructive class discussion of an assigned case unless students have conscientiously have made use AT pertinent core concepts Ana analytical tools In preparing ostentatious answers to a set of well-conceived study questions before they come to class. In our classes, we expect students to bring their notes to the study questions to use/refer to in responding to the questions that we pose.Moreover, students often find having a set of study questions is useful in helping them prepare oral team presentations and Ritter case assignments-?in addition to whatever directive questions you supply for these assignments. Hence, we urge that you insist students spend quality time preparing answers to study questions-? either those we have provided or a set of your own questions. There is a 2:48 second video that accompanies this case that discusses how the WI has expanded the market for video games by appealing to non-traditional gamers.It is best to show the video at the very beginning of the class discussion. The case can be used effectively for a written assignment or oral presentation. Our recommended questions for written assignments are as follows: 1. You have recently been hired by Nintendo o f America as an analyst and have been assigned to its WI strategy group. During your first meeting with the strategy group, the team leader asked that you prepare an analysis of the video game console industry for distribution at the next meeting.Please prepare a 5-6 page report that includes a description of the industry dominant business and economic characteristics, evaluates competition in the industry, assesses industry driving forces, and lists industry key success factors. Your report should also include a tragic group map of the entire video game industry and specific strategy recommendations that will allow the WI to remain the leading next generation console. 2. As a newly hired Nintendo of America retail representative, you have been asked to Join a cross functional strategy group.The group's charge from upper level management is to make a set of recommendations designed to further solidify the company's number-one ranking in the industry. Your recommendations to upper ma nagement should be in the form of a 2 – 3 page executive summary and must be supported with a complete industry analysis, company situation analysis, and uncial analysis. Each recommendation should be supported by your analyses and must clearly specify what elements of your analysis led to your conclusions.The exhibits, tables and figures used in your analysis should be attached to your executive summary and carry an equal weight in determining your grade for the assignment. ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS 1 . What are the defining business and economic characteristics of the video game console industry? What is the industry like? 2 want Is competition Like In ten peeve game console Industry:' DOD Twelve-Tortes analysis to support your answer. Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest?Would you characterize the overall strength of competition in video game consoles as fierce, strong, moderate to normal or weak? Why? Crafting & Executing Strategy 17th Edition 3. What forces are driving changes in the video game console industry? Are these driving forces acting to make the industry more or less competitively intense? Are the driving forces acting to make the industry more or less profitable in future years? 4. What 3-5 key factors determine the success of video game console developers like Nintendo? 5. What is Nineteen's strategy?Which of the five generic strategies discussed in Chapter 5 is Nintendo using? What are some of the recent offensive and/or defensive strategies that Nintendo has employed? Have these tactics been successful? 6. Is it fair to characterize Nineteen's introduction of the WI as a blue ocean strategy? Why or why not? 7. How well is Nineteen's strategy working in terms of the financial performance it is delivering? Should shareholders be pleased? Why or why not? What 2-3 weaknesses do you see in Nineteen's financial performance? 8. What does a SOOT analysis reveal about the attractiveness of Nineteen's overall taxation? Is the company's competitive position as solid as top management seems to believe? Does the company have a competitive advantage? If so, what is the basis for this competitive advantage and is the advantage sustainable? 9. What does a competitive strength assessment (as per the methodology in Table 4. 4 of Chapter 4) reveal about whether Nintendo has a competitive advantage? 10. What recommendations would you make to Nintendo to improve its competitiveness in the video game console industry and to maintain its favorable positioning visit-Г-visit Microsoft and Sony?TEACHING OUTLINE AND ANALYSIS . What are the defining business and economic characteristics of the video game console industry? What is the industry like? Students should be able to identify the following business and economic characteristics of the console segment of the video game industry: v Economies AT scale: competitors In ten Industry are large Ana conclave cost advantages by producing large quantities. However, both Sony and Microsoft have traditionally operated at a loss in part due to heavy investments into research and development. Product innovation: Competitors win market share from rivals by developing arduous that are technologically superior and more powerful than the products offered by rivals. New products often contain technological breakthroughs such as advanced graphics or interactive motion-sensitive controllers as the basis for competition. V Degree of product differentiation: Products in the market are becoming increasingly more differentiated. Some products offer high definition graphics and play DVD's while others offer controllers with motion sensors to fundamentally change the way gamers play and interact with the game. Scope of competitive rivalry: Competition occurs on a global scale to help bread research and development costs while driving revenues. For the largest competitors, non-American sales account for the majority of worldwide sales with the exception of Oxb ow v Segmentation: The industry was segmented into console hardware, console software, handheld hardware, handheld software, PC software, online games, interactive TV, and mobile phone games. V Market size: The total size of the global video game industry exceeded 69 million units sold in 2008. 19 720 Students should further identify the following as important attributes of the industry: v Entry/Exit barriers. Barriers to entry were all but insurmountable. Successful new entrants were required to have sufficient capital and technological capabilities to develop sophisticated game hardware systems capable of performing highly complex calculations. Other barriers to entry included the establishment of an installed base of sufficient size to provide an adequate incentive for independent software developers to create games for a new game system. Scope of rivalry. Rivalry in the industry could be considered global, with the three largest sellers of game systems competing against each oth er in all world arrest. Competition exists on the basis of technologically-advanced and unique v scale economies. Economies AT scale were necessary to Keep game system Ana component development expenses at acceptable per unit levels. Next generation game system and component development costs were so high that analysts believed Sony and Microsoft consistently operated at a loss. V Consumer characteristics.While typical gamers could be thought to have demographic characteristics of being young and male, a new trend is emerging whereby traditional non-gamers are now potential consumers. This has expanded nonuser characteristics to include a wider array of ages along with male and female consumers. 2. What is competition like in the video game console industry? Do a five-forces analysis to support your answer. Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? Would you characterize the overall strength of competition in video game consoles as fierce, strong, moderate to normal or weak? Why?Substitutes for Video Game Systems Competitive pressures coming from the market attempts of outsiders to win buyers over to their product s Suppliers of Raw Materials and other inputs used in the Manufacturing f Video Game Consoles Competitive pressures stemming from supplier-seller collaboration and bargaining Rivalry among Competing Video Game System Sellers Competitive pressures created by the Jockeying of rival sellers for better market position and competitive advantage seller-buyer collaboration and bargaining Buyers of Video Game Systems Competitive pressures coming from the threat of entry of new rival s Potential New Entrants Into ten Vivo Game console Industry v The bargaining power and leverage of buyers – a weak competitive force Big box electronics store and discount store buyers had relatively little leverage in estimations with sellers of video game consoles. Consumers expected retailers to carry the three leading brands of consoles and the top two brands of handheld games.A decision by retailers not to carry the leading brands of game consoles would negatively impact the retailer's image with consumers. Students may suspect that manufacturers had uniform pricing for retailers, regardless of size, because of the standardized retail prices of game consoles. V The bargaining power and leverage of suppliers – a moderately strong competitive force Students will easily conclude that suppliers of microprocessors and graphics recessing units (Spins) had a moderate degree of leverage with console manufacturers because of the collaborative development process utilized in the industry. Console makers were unable to negotiate between sellers of core components, since microprocessors and Spins were specifically designed for a system.Students can rightfully argue that video game console producers did have the ability to negotiate terms with components manufacturers prior to the development of a next generation system. V Competition from substitutes – a moderately strong competitive force There were many recreation and entertainment substitutes to video games. Video gamers could engage in outdoor sports or other activities or find entertainment indoors by watching television, reading, listening to music, surfing the Internet, playing board games, or playing a musical instrument. However, the interactive nature of video games was very intriguing for many young people and older gamers. Students should point out that other gaming platforms such as PC games, handheld games and mobile phone games were also substitutes for console-based video games. Threat of entry – a weak competitive force Entry barriers that include considerable console development costs, advanced genealogical skills, a sizeable installed base of game consoles, game software development costs, volume guarantees to suppliers of key components and access to retailers make the threat of entry weak. The most likely new entran ts would be established computer technology companies such as Apple. V Rivalry among competing video game console producers – a fierce competitive Torte Students should conclude that rivalry among competing sellers is fierce. Competition between Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft centers primarily on the technological capabilities of the consoles and having a wide variety of appealing name titles developed either internally or through partnerships with independent game developers. The intensity of competition had driven console development and production costs to more than $800 per unit for the Plantation 3.A third competitive weapon utilized by console makers was aggressive pricing, which resulted in a loss of more than $300 per unit on every Plantation 3 sold. Microsoft's Oxbow 360 pricing was also believed to be below its production costs. Nintendo had chosen not to compete aggressively on technological capabilities when developing the WI and has earned refits on the sales of WI units. Overall Assessment: Students should conclude that the video game industry is only modestly attractive when looking at the console segment. The greatest percentage of industry profits seemed to generate from the sale of game software and peripherals. Students may compare the video game business to the razor/razor blade industry, whereby razors are sold at a loss or breakable and blades carry high margins.The development of a large installed base of console systems is essential to earning substantial profits from the sale of game software over the lifespan of a console. Therefore, students should recognize that the video game industry requires patience on the part of participants to see profits from their investments in next generation technology. 721 722 3. What forces are driving changes in the video game console industry? Are these driving forces acting to make the industry more or less competitively intense? Are the driving forces acting to make the industry more or less p rofitable in future years? Driving forces that students should be able to identify include: v Product innovation.Students should note that since the beginning of the died game industry, each new generation of video game consoles has been dramatically more technologically advanced than prior generations. Technological advancements have included better graphics (I. E. , high definition) and motion sensor controllers. V Emergence of new video game devices. Students will comment on the emergence of new video game devices such as mobile phones, ‘Pods, and other handheld devices. V Emergence AT Internet-Dates peeve games. Beginning wilt ten Good Ana Play 2, game consoles were capable of connecting to the Internet to play Internet-based game software or multilayer games. Societal trends.Changes in societal trends influence the disposable income of consumers to buy consoles. The industry is said to be resilient to recession. Changes in demographic groups present an opportunity in unta pped market segments. V Changing consumers. There has been a change in the target audience for video game console industry competitors with the introduction of Nineteen's WI. Incumbents are likely to take note of this new segment. Students should conclude that the individual and collective effect of industry driving forces will drive development costs higher-?making the industry less attractive for new entrants and increasing the number of unit sales necessary for current console makers to achieve breakable.Students could make the argument that, as development and production costs continue to climb, consoles must evolve into central entertainment hubs that all consumers would like to have in their homes to achieve sales volumes necessary to support profitability. In addition, students may suggest that the cost of developing handheld systems will likely rise as features are added to defend against game features included on wireless telephones and pod- type devices. 4. What 3-5 key fa ctors determine the success of video game console developers like Nintendo? Students should identify several factors that are necessary for competitive success in the console segment of the video game industry to include the following: v Large installed base.Students should be able to argue successfully that the development of a large installed base is the most important factor related to success in the console segment of the video game industry. A limited selection of game titles reduced consumer interest in the console-?regardless of its technological capabilities. V Technological capabilities. Video game console makers were required to develop next generation consoles that could fully exploit the capabilities of the latest microprocessors and Spins. Traditional gamers seemed most interested in games with realistic graphics. Nineteen's WI did not have the graphics rendering capabilities of the Plantation 3 or Oxbow 360, but did include a highly innovative and technologically advan ced wireless game controller. Partnerships with independent software developers. The availability of intriguing game titles was essential to building an installed base and earning residual pronto Trot game sales. Strategy 17th Edition rattling & Executing v Acceptable development and production costs. Development costs and production costs increased as each new generation of game console became more technologically advanced. The cost to develop microprocessors and Spins capable of performing increasingly complex instruction sets and the cost of innovative components such as Sonny's Blue-Ray HAD optical drive had caused the cost of each Plantation 3 unit to range from $805 to $840.The Plantation g's retail price caused Sony to lose as much as $305 per unit, which increased the volume of game software that must be sold to make the business unit profitable. Access to distribution. Students should determine without much difficulty that access to retail distribution through big box elect ronics stores and large discount stores such as Wall-Mart and Target are essential to building an installed base. Chapter 5 is Nintendo using? What are some of the recent offensive and/ or Students should identify a firm's competitive strategy as being concerned with the specific game plan management uses to compete successfully and to secure a competitive advantage over its rivals.This requires that a firm out-compete its rivals by doing a better Job of satisfying buyer needs and preferences. Companies can employ one of five generic strategies or some combination thereof to beat its rivals. Those generic strategies include the following: overall low-cost provider strategy, broad differentiation strategy, focused low-cost strategy, focused differentiation strategy and best-cost provider strategy. Students may find that Nintendo is using a broad differentiation strategy, which involves competing by being unique in ways that are valuable to a wide range of customers. Nineteen's WI uti lizes a game controller that is highly interactive by incorporating motion sensors.As such, Nintendo has successfully built a competitive advantage by incorporating features that enhance buyer satisfaction in uneconomic or intangible ways, which is one of the four ways to build a competitive advantage with a broad differentiation strategy. Nineteen's broad differentiation strategic approach has been successful since technological breakthroughs are a critical success factor in the industry. Additionally, Nineteen's recent offensive and defensive strategies have helped the company successfully implement its strategy. A core element of Nineteen's offensive strategy involved changing the market's perception of WI by offering a very different gaming